| We are used to living at 1 ATM of pressure, so we rarely even take
notice of it. We normally don't feel the pressure on us because the human
body is primarily made up of liquid, and liquids are basically non compressible.
At times, however, we do notice changes of pressure, primarily in our ears.
You may have noticed your ears "popping" when flying, driving in the mountains,
or even going up and down in elevators. This is because our ears have an
air space in them, and air, like all other gases, is compressible.
A gas will compress proportionately to the amount of pressure exerted
on it. For example, if you have a 1 cubic foot balloon and double the pressure
on it, it will be compressed to 1/2 cubic foot. Increase the pressure by
4, and the volume will drop to 1/4 the size etc. This theory was discovered
by Sir Robert Boyle, a 17th century scientist. The theory known as Boyle's
Law states: If the temperature remains constant, the volume of a given
mass of gas is inversely proportional to the absolute pressure.
Let's follow an example...
Suppose you had a balloon measuring one cubic foot at the surface of
the water. This balloon is under 1 ATM (14.7 psi) of pressure. If we push
the balloon underwater, and take it to a depth of 33 feet, it is now under
2 ATM of pressure (29.4 lbs) - 1 ATM of pressure from the air, 1 ATM of
pressure from the water. Boyle's Law then tells us that since we have twice
the absolute pressure, the volume of the balloon will be decreased to one
half. It follows then, that taking the balloon to 66 feet, the pressure
would compress the balloon to one third its original size, 99 feet would
make it 1/4 etc.
If we bring the balloon in the previous example back up to the surface,
it would increase in size due to the lessening pressure until it reached
the surface and returned to its one cubic foot size. This is because the
air in the balloon is compressed from the pressure when submerged, but
returns to its normal size and pressure when it returns to the surface.
We will achieve the same result with an open container, such as an inverted
bottle, as we do with a balloon. By inverting a bottle at the surface and
descending with it, the pressure from the surrounding water will compress
the air and the bottle will start to fill with water. Even with no air
escaping, the container will be half full of water at a depth of 33 feet
due to the pressure compressing the air to half its original volume.
Along with the volume of air in the balloon or container, the surrounding
pressure will affect the density of the air as well. Density, simply stated,
is how close the air molecules are packed together. The air in the balloon
or container at the surface is at its standard density, but when we descend
to the 33-foot level where its volume is reduced to one half, the density
has doubled. At 66 feet, the density has tripled. This is because the pressure
has pushed the air molecules closer together.
Let's continue with this line of thinking and try an additional experiment.
If we take our balloon and our open container down to 99 feet, we know
that the density of air is four times what is was on the surface and the
volume of air has been reduced to 1/4. Now at this depth, suppose we used
a scuba tank and added air to the balloon until it returned to its original
size. We will also blow air into the inverted container until it is completely
full of air.
We know the air at this depth is 4 times denser than at the surface.
This means when we ascend with our balloon and container, the lessening
pressure will make the air expand. This will have two different effects.
The balloon will increase in size. It will attempt to grow to a size of
4 cubic feet by the time it hits the surface. If this is beyond the capability
of the balloon, it will pop. The inverted container, however, will simply
"bleed off" the expanding air that will harmlessly float away as bubbles.
The main purpose of the proceeding material was to give you the theory
behind the most important rule in scuba diving... "Never hold your breath!"
Your lungs can act very much like a pair of balloons in your chest. As
a breath hold diver (skin diver), if you fill your lungs with air at the
surface, hold your breath, and dive to a depth of 33 feet, the surrounding
pressure will compress your lungs to half of their original size. Upon
ascending, they will return to normal size. If however, you descend to
33 feet and breath compressed air from a scuba tank, an ascent to the surface
could cause you lungs to over expand and you could seriously injure yourself.
This is easy to avoid, however, by simply not holding your breath which
will let your lungs act like the open container in the preceding example,
and you will simply "bleed off" the expanding air and maintain a normal
lung capacity. |
